The role of the 'social' in war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

The role of the 'social' in war - Essay Example But different sources stated that it has started many-many years back, probably millions years or more. As every event has it factors leading to it, war also cannot start without factors that lead to it. These factors include territory, sovereignty, ideology and peaceable. All these can lead the beginning of a war. While introduction about war and it causes are cited, now the primary objective of the writing would be presented; that is outlining and explaining the three elements of war, which include Logistic, Technological and Social. How these elements are put in use in order to achieve victory during a war What are the merit and demerits of the elements if any And what are the historical testimonies where these elements where applied to achieve victory in War All these and others might be bringing into considerations during this writing. The science of planning and carrying out the movement and maintenance of forces.... those aspects of military operations that deal with the design and development, acquisition, storage, movement, distribution, maintenance, evacuation and disposition of material; movement, evacuation, and hospitalization of personnel; acquisition of construction, maintenance, operation and disposition of facilities; and acquisition of furnishing of service. In some (Juicy Quotes from Clausewitz, 1976), in order to explain further the needs for applying elements of war so that victory would be achieve at all level he has this to say: War is fighting and operates in a peculiar element -- danger. But war is served by many activities quite different from it, all of which concern the maintenance of the fighting forces. These preparatory activities are excluded from the narrower meaning of the art of war -- the actual conduct of war, because they are concerned only with the creation, training, and maintenance of the fighting forces. "The theory of war proper, on the other hand, is concerned with the use of these means, once they have been developed, for the purposes of the war. In another work of (George C. Thorpe's '1986') which outlines and explains the term Logistic as parts of the Science of War also states that: Logistics is essentially moving, supplying, and maintaining Military forces. It is basic to the ability of armies, fleets, and air forces to operate--indeed, to exist. It involves men and materiel, transportation, quarters and depots, communications, evacuation and hospitalization, personnel replacement, service, and administration. In its broader sense, it has been called the economics of warfare, including industrial mobilization, research and development, funding, procurement, recruitment and training, testing, and, in effect, practically everything related to military activities besides strategy and tactics. Logistics, in short, in the words of one irreverent World War II supply officer, is "the stuff that if you don't have enough of, the war will not be won as soon as. TECHNOLOGY: Another outline and explanation of the three elements of War is Technology, which means the

Video game industry analysis Essay Example for Free

Video game industry analysis Essay History The history of video games goes as far back as the 1940s, when in 1947 Thomas T. Goldsmith, Jr. and Este Ray Mann filed a United States patent request for an invention they described as a cathode ray tube amusement device. Video gaming would not reach mainstream popularity until the 1970s and 1980s, when arcade video games, gaming consoles and home computer games were introduced to the general public. Since then, video gaming has become a popular form of entertainment and a part of modern culture in most parts of the world. There are currently considered to be eight generations of video game consoles, with the seventh and the eighth concurrently ongoing. Early Founders During the golden age of video games in the 1970s, it was a rush to the start to see which company and which programmer could create a video game and platform that could trump the rest. However, most large video game manufacturers can trace their roots far before that decade, reaching back into the early 1900s or even the late 1800s. While some video game companies, such as Nintendo and Sony, would begin their economic pursuits in other fields, companies like Atari and Sega were created with an eye toward producing the ultimate gaming system. The first major video game company to come into being was Nintendo, which would eventually make video games popular again in the 1980s. Nintendo is a Japanese company that was created in 1889 and was originally named the Marufuku Company. In 1951, this company, which manufactured Western-style playing cards in Japan, would take the name Nintendo, meaning â€Å"leave luck to heaven. In 1891, the Philips Company, owner of Magnavox and an important frontrunner in the video game production race, was established in the Netherlands. In 1947, another major video game icon was founded under the name Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Company. After the founders realized this name was too cumbersome to say and remember easily, they modified the Latin word sonus (meaning sound) to form the company name Sony. Sega was founded in 1952, under the name Service Games, as a company that provided coin-operated games and jukeboxes to American servicemen in Japan. It would not be until 1972, well into the beginning of video games, that Atari was formed as a cooperative partnership between leading video game programmers Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney. First Video Games and Platforms The idea for an interactive video game was first conceived of by Ralph Baer, an engineer with an airborne electronics company, in 1951. Commissioned to design a television for the company, Baer believed the TV could be more marketable to consumers if it contained a type of interactive game (Kent 2001). His idea was shot down by the company, but other engineers and programmers would not let it settle for long. The first official video games, a table-tennis type game and a computer space game, were developed in 1958 and 1961, respectively. These early video games proved to be the necessary catalyst for game programmers and were the early predecessors of the popular arcade games Pong and Space Invaders. Pong, created by the Atari Company in 1972, turned into an incredible success in arcades and led to the creation of the first home video gaming system, the Magnavox Odyssey. After the moderate success of the Odyssey, several video game companies would follow with their own home gaming systems in 1976 and 1977, including the Atari Video Computer System (VCS). Video Games Take Off By 1978, home video game consoles were beginning to sell well, and more competitors had entered the market. Nintendo of Japan released its first video game that year, a simplistic version of the board game Othello that was marketed in arcades. The popular toy makers Mattel and Milton Bradley also entered the video game scene in the following two years with a hand-held video game unit from Milton Bradley and the Intellivision by Mattel, the first video game console to offer true competition to Atari. During this golden age of video games in the late 1970s, the two leading contenders, Magnavox and Atari, both tried to add competition to the home computer market. Magnavox released the Odyssey 2, a programmable video game console that included a built-in keyboard, while Atari began selling its own personal computer designed to rival Apple. However, most consumers connected Atari only with video games, and the computer system was widely disregarded. During this time period, Atari also released its first home version of the popular arcade game Space Invaders, leading to a massive increase in sales for the VCS game console. As video gaming entered the 1980s, two incredibly popular games that would revolutionize the industry were created. Pac-Man, created by Namco in 1980, became the best-selling arcade game of all time and the first video game that was popular with both males and females. The later version, Ms. Pac-Man, would also prove to be immensely popular at arcades. The next year, in 1981, Nintendo of America created Donkey Kong for arcades. While the hero of Donkey Kong was originally named Jump man, this name was later changed to Mario and he would become an icon in years to come as a key video game hero. Unfortunately, as video games began to take off in the early 1980s, the market quickly became flooded with multiple consoles and games, and the industry experienced a market crash in 1984. Industry Growth Along with increasing Internet and broadband penetration throughout the world, online and mobile gaming represents the greatest push in the video game growth. The implication of this increase in accessibility to technology is many developing countries -specifically the BRIC economies (Brazil, Russia, India and China) – are now becoming major players in the industry. As online and mobile gaming becomes more affordable, video gaming becomes more accessible to developing countries. Though console gaming currently represents the largest market in the industry, its growth is projected to slow down in the upcoming years, from a 10. 9% growth between 2003 and 2008, to a 5. 5% between 2008 and 2013. In 2008, Europe, the Middle East, and Africa (EMEA) represented the largest video gaming market share (35. 3%). In 2013 it is projected the Asia-Pacific region will be the leader in both growth and market share. The projection is market share in EMEA and North America will decline, while it is expected to increase in Latin America. The video game industry in the BRIC economies has developed in parallel fashion to these countries’ general economic expansion. It is projected the BRIC countries will have increased market share in future years. Market size The Video Games are a cultural phenomenon that is growing ever more prominent among young and old alike. They have become an integral part of the mass media culture and have been in existence for nearly as long as the television. While the video games of today are growing ever more detailed and lifelike, early video games like Pong, Space Invaders, and Pac-Man were equally impressive and highly entertaining at their time. From their earliest years to the complex video game landscape of the twenty-first century, video games have developed into enchanting, alternate worlds that have captured the hearts of millions of players. As of today, it is estimated that video game consoles represent more than 25% of the worlds general-purpose computational power. Also they were banned in China since June 2000 and now China is seeing explosive growth. Market size from 2003 to 2013 in $billions REVENUE FOR 2012. Size of global traditional video game market revenue, excluding mobile games on smart phones and tablets: $70 billion, up from $65 billion in 2011 Size of global video game market revenue, including mobile games on smart phones and tablets: $78. 5 billion for 2012 Retail software revenue: $28 billion, down from $29. 5 billion in 2011 Online revenue, including digital delivery, subscriptions, Facebook games: $24 billion, up from $18 billion in 2011 (Source: DFC Intelligence) CONSOLE MAKERS Microsoft Corp * Xbox 360 launched in the United States: November 2005 * Xbox consoles sold: 67 million. * Kinect motion sensors sold: 19 million Major initiative: Microsoft is expected to show off new entertainment features of its Xbox 360 and a new version of Halo. Sony Corp * PlayStation3 launched in the United States and Japan: November 2006 * As of March 31, PlayStation3 units sold: Over 63 million units * As of June 6, 2011, Sony Move motion sensors shipped: 8. 8 million units Major initiative: Sony is expected to push new games to boost sales of the Vita and PlayStation 3. Nintendo Co Ltd * Launched Wii in the United States: November 2006 * Wii units shipped: More than 95 million * DS units shipped: More than 151 million. * 3DS units: More than 17 million Major initiative: Nintendo will finally unveil the first home console in six years at E3. Device is expected to feature HD graphics, a special tablet controller and motion sensors. SOFTWARE PUBLISHERS Activision Blizzard Annual revenue: $4. 8 billion Top franchises: Call of Duty and World of Warcraft Electronic Arts Inc Annual revenue: $4. 1 billion Top franchises: The Sims and Madden NFL Take-Two Interactive Software Annual revenue: $826 million Top franchises: Grand Theft Auto and Red Dead Redemption Ubisoft Annual revenue: 1. 06 billion euros Substitute Products. Substitute products for games maybe songs from music industry, movies from movie industry, and television programs from television industry which people also sought fun and entertainment. There have not been so many problems with the substitute products because video game industry is uprising. According to a writer for Fortune, music sales have been falling in recent years, the movie going experience hasn’t change that much and network TV is on the skids. Political Determinants Unlike many other industries, the gaming industry isn’t universally affected by political determinants. Political determinants are generally specific to a country. While violence and sexual content of games are common themes of discussion, how they are handled varies from country to county. Social and Environmental Factors Social Factors Video games have an enormous place in society – most kids are exposed to video games in some sort of capacity growing up. Just like other technological mediums, there are both positive and negative social issues related to video gaming. Some Positive Effects of Playing Video Games Video games have proven to be effective tools for children’s learning when used appropriately as they impart specific attitudes, skills and behaviors on the player. For example, some video games have helped to teach children how to effectively deal with their asthma and diabetes. Further, in a study with college students, playing a golf video game improved students’ actual control of force when putting, even though the video game gave no bodily feedback on actual putting movement or force. Video games have also been shown to increase surgical skills for doctors, and research has more broadly proven that people can learn iconic, spatial, and visual attention skills from video games. [1] Some Negative Effects of Playing Video Games. Research has shown that video games can lead to negative effects on children’s physical health, including obesity, video-induced seizures, and postural, muscular and skeletal disorders, such as tendonitis, nerve compression, and carpal tunnel syndrome. Additionally, the amount of time spent playing video games has been shown to have a negative correlation with academic performance. [2] But even more prevalent, is that playing video games has been shown to have a positive correlation with antisocial and aggressive behavior. Violent video games are most commonly defined as games where the player can intentionally harm the other characters. Not only do a majority of video games today fall under this definition, but a recent study established that the majority of 4th to 8th grade students prefer violent games. [3] Environmental Factors E-Waste Almost 50 million tons of electronic products are discarded every year, and the figure continues to grow as the lifespan of new devices continues to shrink. According to the environmental organization Greenpeace, that estimated amount of e-waste generated every year put into containers on a train would be enough to circle the globe! In fact, up to five percent of all municipal solid waste worldwide is this electronic waste (e-waste). Such is the magnitude of this e-waste that it now ties with plastic packaging in number; yet electronic waste is much more hazardous. While mobile phones and computers are the main causes of this ever-increasing waste as they are replaced on average more frequently, video games and video game consoles contribute significantly to e-waste. [1] http://www. mediafamily. org/facts/facts_effect. shtml [2] http://www. buzzle. com/articles/effects-of-video-games-on-children. html [3] http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m0816/is_6_21/ai_n9772319/.

Matewan: A 20th-century Form of Feudalism :: Economy Capitalism Freedom Essays

Matewan: A 20th-century Form of Feudalism Matewan, in which the action takes place in the 1920s in West Virginia, gives a clear and realistic picture of the economical situation of the given place and time. This has been a purpose and an idea which the director of the film, John Sales, has paid a particular attention to. The film elucidates a 20th-century conflict between two economical systems: feudalism and capitalism, with feudalism clearly dominating the economical status of the small town of Matewan, in spite of some outer characteristics (such as wages being paid) that imply capitalism. The main feature of capitalism is the free labor market and 'freedom' is the key concept: freedom in choosing an employer; freedom in deciding how and where to work in order to make the most reasonable living. In that sense it is indisputable that capitalism is not the economical process taking place in Matewan. It is very difficult, if not impossible, to live in this small town and not to work for the Stone Mountain Coal Company. It holds monopoly over most of the town, it owns and controls nearly everything: stores, buildings and so on. The miners are being underpaid and overcharged at the same time. Wages have gone down again, workers have to pay monopoly rents; besides, they are getting paid not in dollars but in company scrips that can be used at company stores only. Therefore, the contract the workers have signed with the company, in stead of giving them freedom and rights, puts restrictions on them and their way of life: they do not have the freedom to join in a union; they are not free to choose their employer, either. The working and the living conditions are beyond any criticism and are very far from what is needed in order to lead a normal life. However, this seems to be the only way for people there to make any living at all. The alternative is fleeing away in the mountains with no home and no money whatsoever, which is really not acceptable and can hardly even be considered as an 'alternative' therefore. In that sense, the geographical setting (i.e. the isolation of this small town) indirectly encourages the development of feudal relations in Matewan. The company leaves its workers with no choice and no freedom - a defining characteristic of feudalism, and that reinforces the feudal nature of the economical relations in Matewan.

Crime Scene Investigation

Research Paper: Crime Scene Investigation (first draft) If a murder, a homicide and or a suicide occur, the crime scene investigator(s) collects the clues and evidence that will be analyzed by the forensic scientist(s) which can lead them to their suspect(s). The purpose of a Crime Scene Investigation is to help victims find justice. When a crime has been reported, the responding officer and/or detective have to note the dispatch information such as address/location, time, date, type of call, parties involved. The officer(s)/detective(s) have to be observant when approaching, entering and exiting a crime scene such as look, listen and smell.Next thing they have to do is to secure the crime scene. Officers have to scan the area for sights, sounds and smell that may cause danger to personnel and other individuals such as gasoline and explosives. They also have to survey for any dangerous civilian around the scene and control the situation. If there are any dangerous civilian, officer w ill immediately call for back-up and while the officer(s) are waiting for the back-up, they have to handle the situation thoroughly. They would first position the â€Å"Crime Scene DO NOT CROSS† tape around the perimeter, this allows authorized personnel to cross the area of the crime scene.Following this procedure will preserve the scene with minimal contamination. Officers and detectives have to be alert and attentive about their surroundings. The detective(s) have to identify all the individuals around the crime scene. They have to identify the witnesses and secure them. Identify possible suspects and secure them and also separate them from the witnesses. They also secure and separate the victims/family/friends and show compassion to them. They must also exclude the media, bystanders that are just watching what is going on and the law enforcements that are off duty.When the crime scene investigator(s) arrive at the crime scene, they have to do a â€Å"walk-through†. Investigators have to avoid contaminating the crime scene by using the established path of way. They have to make sure that before they entered the crime scene, nothing in the scene should have been moved. While they are going through a walk-through, they may have to construct theories about what happened in the crime scene based on visual examination. Investigators have to take photographs of the scene and will later on be collected. Taking photographs of the scene will help them solve the crime ecause there are some points of the investigation that investigators may have overlooked evidence, and that evidence could be found in the photographs. After taking photographs of the scene, they will start to collect clue and evidence that may lead them to their possible suspect(s). What they may find in the crime scene are fingerprints which can be done using colored powder and a brush, other thizngs such as blood, firearms, hair, glass and many more things that can be found in the crime scenes. After doing their job in he crime scene, the evidence they took will be taken to the forensic scientist.Crime scene investigators will look at the photographs and connect their theories based on the crime that occurred. The forensic scientists will also examine the victim’s clothes, while the medical examiner will analyze the victim’s body for more clues and evidence that they may find and they will all be doing this in the crime lab. The things they may find could be hair, fiber, semen, blood, another person’s DNA, bruises and many more. After the forensic scientists have done their job, they will give their report to the crime scene investigators. Just if he forensic scientists could not find any trace that can lead them to their suspect, then the investigators have to go back to the crime scene and find fore more clues and evidence that could help them. The new evidence will be taken to the forensics for them to be examined. When the crime scene inve stigators receive the report from the forensic scientists, they will invite their possible suspect(s) for questioning or if they could not reach the suspect, they could question the suspect through the phone. After this, the investigators need to go to the suspect(s) place.The investigators may ask the suspect(s) about the victim on what they know about the crime and may also ask for names that are may be connected to the crime that occurred. If it may also help, investigators and detectives may ask the victim’s family, friends, co-workers or anybody who knows the victim that could help them solve the crime that was committed. Investigators may ask them if the victim has enemies that may want the victim to be killed. The crime scene investigators will do the same procedure until they get the right person who committed the crime and be placed in jail.The suspect may still deny what is being accused of committing a crime and asked for a lawyer, the investigators and witnesses h ave to be prepared with strong evidence so that they can place the suspect in jail and pay for the consequences from what the suspect has done. When the crime scene in no longer needed to be processed for any evidence, the crime scene cleaners/Biohazard Technicians will start to clean the scene. They have to clean the place like nothing happened. Like gathering all the blood, brains and bugs then casting them in the extractor.What the extractor does is kill to the bacteria in bodily fluids with a special enzyme. They also need to eliminate the horrible smell in the scene and may have to cut off things like the mattress, curtains and many more. The crime scene cleaners are dedicated to assist the law enforcement, public service agencies and property owners/managers in restoring property that has been contaminated as a result of crime, disaster or misuse. If there’s a murder, a homicide or a suicide, the CSI investigators are to call.In Crime Scene Investigation a lot of things will happen, but mainly it is about collecting physical evidence. The process of what be revealed at a crime scene is very difficult. It involves a number of different searches and collections that help to solve a crime. After solving the crime, this means that the victim received justice for that happened to them. No body deserves to die and no body has the right to kill someone. Being a crime scene investigator is a hero, they used their knowledge for good reason and not for bad. The good reason is solving a crime that should have not happened.Work Cited Crose, Nicholas. â€Å"Extreme Careers: Detectives : Life Investigation Crime†. New York: Rosen Central, 2003. Print Cooperman, Stephanie. â€Å"Extreme Careers: Biohazard Technicians†. New York: Rosen Central, 2004. Print â€Å"Encyclopedia of Careers and Vocational Guidance†. New York: Ferguson, 2005. Print Murdico, Suzanne J. Extreme Careers Forensic Scientists: Life Investigating Sudden Death. New York: R osen Central, 2004. Print Technical Working Group on Crime Scene Investigation. †Crime Scene Investigation: A Guide for a Law Enforcement†. January 2000. Web. December 12, 2009

Alignment of Academic Standards with ELL Proficiency Standards

The federal government has changed the ground work and the organization of scholastic lessons in the educational systems in 2001 with the â€Å"No Child Left behind Act†. The law say that each state is to embrace English Language Learners in the state assessment and evaluate the student’s language skill â€Å"with valid, reliable assessments in the areas of oral language and reading and writing skills, more specifically comprehension, speaking, listing, reading, and writing†(Cook, 2007). The requirements of these assessment also include assisting in the students’ accomplishment of the state’s academic achievement standards.Since the federal standards has been made to the educational system there needs to be a new method created and evaluated in the way that states and schools can continue adjusting and properly evaluating English Language Learners. The population of English Language Learners has made a tremendous growth in American, over the past fe w years the English Language Learners has grown more the twenty percent and is predictable to increase more with time. With the population growing in our educational system modifications had to be made.The laws specifies that all children who are disabled, don’t speak English, or disadvantaged still have an equal right to an education. For the reason of English Language Learner comprehensive span the United States wanted something that could adjust and help as a wide range obligation and or standard required to applied in the educational system, so with the No Child Left behind act allowed it to be done. Since the states have to follow and stand by assessment guidelines as well as academic standards with the No Child Left Behind act people ask exactly how the non- English students would fit into this law.Assessment must also be given with unlimited probability that a student will pass in the regular education curriculums, even though they definitely let each state establish t heir own specific procedures that met with these probability. The complicating part is it has to link using both state and government academic standards. The Arizona or TESOL English language learners’ standards obligatory are to work independently as a state but then again they are also obligatory to follow and manage the governments’ requirements. This can be completed by correctly combining the English language learners’ into groups.This act should only be used when placing the students into groups, by doing this allows for identify that level of each child, such as their comprehension level as well as how much they know about speaking, listing, reading, and written in English the language. There are many different levels that are personalized or tiered into separate classifications for the age varieties. Each group has requirements in addition to the complete outline and details to dimensions from, as well as the requirements that the government has and it d oes not matter which state you are in they are all the same.These standards are identified as English language Proficiency Standards (ELP). The English language Proficiency Standards come in many different segments beginning with the age, then finishing with separable accomplishment and understanding. To begin with the most important factor would be the stage of development of a child, the students need to be properly divided by their developing skill and accurateness in reasoning purposes. There are four different categories in the age group, first there is kindergarten to second, next third to fifth, following sixth to eight, last is ninth to twelfth.Once the correct stage of development has been recognized and properly entangled with other students, then it is on to evaluating the level of English the student knows and comprehends. Each level is important however the first level is entering level developing to the bridging level, this level means that a student is ready to join a regular classroom because they have a complete understanding and can intellectual ability to the English Language for all students this is the main goal to reach.However if a student is not at this level with the help of educators to support and assistance of the assessments every student will be at bridging level as fast as they can. Using the ELP standards in addition to mixing them into a teachers daily routine is a requirement in the classrooms today. Teachers should always reminder that every student is different and learn in different ways, so teachers need to teach in different ways in order for the students to learn successfully principally while learning literacy skills in reading.When using data it can be a very useful tool when helping students, it can be responsible for a helping teacher to get a better understanding of what a student knows, what they need to work on, as well as what need to be worked on so they are able to reach their academic goals. This is a great to ol for teacher because it allow them to make knowledgeable choices that can help the student’s goals in their educational career.â€Å"Although high stakes testing carries much of the weight for teachers there are possibilities to meet federal and state  regulations by cautiously and consciously planning lesson that provide students with multiple opportunities to be successful and apply language in content context† (GCU, 2012). For teachers to be able to do this they need to be better prepared at educating as well as supporting their states standards with ELP standards. Each lesson should be made that every student is given a chance to be successful. Being a teacher it is important to provide many opportunities for their students to be successful in their educational future. Alignment of Academic Standards with ELL Proficiency Standards The federal government has changed the ground work and the organization of scholastic lessons in the educational systems in 2001 with the â€Å"No Child Left behind Act†. The law say that each state is to embrace English Language Learners in the state assessment and evaluate the student’s language skill â€Å"with valid, reliable assessments in the areas of oral language and reading and writing skills, more specifically comprehension, speaking, listing, reading, and writing†(Cook, 2007). The requirements of these assessment also include assisting in the students’ accomplishment of the state’s academic achievement standards.Since the federal standards has been made to the educational system there needs to be a new method created and evaluated in the way that states and schools can continue adjusting and properly evaluating English Language Learners. The population of English Language Learners has made a tremendous growth in American, over the past fe w years the English Language Learners has grown more the twenty percent and is predictable to increase more with time. With the population growing in our educational system modifications had to be made.The laws specifies that all children who are disabled, don’t speak English, or disadvantaged still have an equal right to an education. For the reason of English Language Learner comprehensive span the United States wanted something that could adjust and help as a wide range obligation and or standard required to applied in the educational system, so with the No Child Left behind act allowed it to be done. Since the states have to follow and stand by assessment guidelines as well as academic standards with the No Child Left Behind act people ask exactly how the non- English students would fit into this law.Assessment must also be given with unlimited probability that a student will pass in the regular education curriculums, even though they definitely let each state establish t heir own specific procedures that met with these probability. The complicating part is it has to link using both state and government academic standards. The Arizona or TESOL English language learners’ standards obligatory are to work independently as a state but then again they are also obligatory to follow and manage the governments’ requirements. This can be completed by correctly combining the English language learners’ into groups.This act should only be used when placing the students into groups, by doing this allows for identify that level of each child, such as their comprehension level as well as how much they know about speaking, listing, reading, and written in English the language. There are many different levels that are personalized or tiered into separate classifications for the age varieties. Each group has requirements in addition to the complete outline and details to dimensions from, as well as the requirements that the government has and it d oes not matter which state you are in they are all the same.These standards are identified as English language Proficiency Standards (ELP). The English language Proficiency Standards come in many different segments beginning with the age, then finishing with separable accomplishment and understanding. To begin with the most important factor would be the stage of development of a child, the students need to be properly divided by their developing skill and accurateness in reasoning purposes. There are four different categories in the age group, first there is kindergarten to second, next third to fifth, following sixth to eight, last is ninth to twelfth.Once the correct stage of development has been recognized and properly entangled with other students, then it is on to evaluating the level of English the student knows and comprehends. Each level is important however the first level is entering level developing to the bridging level, this level means that a student is ready to join a regular classroom because they have a complete understanding and can intellectual ability to the English Language for all students this is the main goal to reach.However if a student is not at this level with the help of educators to support and assistance of the assessments every student will be at bridging level as fast as they can. Using the ELP standards in addition to mixing them into a teachers daily routine is a requirement in the classrooms today. Teachers should always reminder that every student is different and learn in different ways, so teachers need to teach in different ways in order for the students to learn successfully principally while learning literacy skills in reading.When using data it can be a very useful tool when helping students, it can be responsible for a helping teacher to get a better understanding of what a student knows, what they need to work on, as well as what need to be worked on so they are able to reach their academic goals. This is a great to ol for teacher because it allow them to make knowledgeable choices that can help the student’s goals in their educational career.â€Å"Although high stakes testing carries much of the weight for teachers there are possibilities to meet federal and state  regulations by cautiously and consciously planning lesson that provide students with multiple opportunities to be successful and apply language in content context† (GCU, 2012). For teachers to be able to do this they need to be better prepared at educating as well as supporting their states standards with ELP standards. Each lesson should be made that every student is given a chance to be successful. Being a teacher it is important to provide many opportunities for their students to be successful in their educational future.

Natural Disasters in India with Special Reference Essay Example

Natural Disasters in India with Special Reference Essay Example Natural Disasters in India with Special Reference Paper Natural Disasters in India with Special Reference Paper Landslides are common in the Lower Himalayas. Parts of the Western Ghats also suffer from low-intensity landslides. Floods are the most common natural disaster in India. The heavy southwest monsoon rains cause the Paramount and other rivers to distend their banks, often flooding surrounding areas. Though they provide rice payday farmers with a largely dependable source of natural irrigation and fertilization, the floods can kill thousands and displace millions. Excess, erratic, or untimely monsoon rainfall may also wash away or otherwise ruin crops. Almost all of India is flood- prone, and extreme precipitation events, such as flash floods and torrential rains, have become increasingly common in central India over the past overall decades, coinciding with rising temperatures. Mean annual precipitation totals have remained steady due to the declining frequency of weather systems that generate moderate amounts of rain. A natural disaster might be caused by earthquakes, flooding, volcanic eruption, landslide, hurricanes etc. In order to be classified as a disaster it will have profound environmental effect and/or human loss and frequently incurs financial loss. This review elucidates the natural disasters of Tamil Nadia and its possible cause as well as the preventive/mitigation measures. Keywords: Natural starters, droughts, flash floods, cyclones, avalanches, landslides, hurricanes. Introduction At the global level, there has been considerable concern over natural disasters. Many natural disasters in India have caused havoc to the life and property of citizens and nature as a whole from time to time. Because of this, united Nations General Assembly, in 1989, declared the decade 1990-2000 as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction with the objective to reduce loss of lives and property and restrict socio-economic damage through concerted international action for appropriate management travesties, especially in the developing countries. These disasters include cyclones, floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, famines, drought, landslides etc. Amongst all the ones mentioned floods and earthquakes are the most common in India. India is no exception as it has been traditionally vulnerable to natural disasters on account of its unique gee-climatic conditions. Floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes and landslides have been recurrent phenomena in India due to large population growth, and migration into urban areas (De et al. , 2005). Tamil Nadia has witnessed havoc caused by yeses and storm surge in the coastal regions, earthquakes, monsoon floods, landslides, and recently the Tsunami. Increase in urban population coupled with the construction of man-made structures often poorly built and maintained subject cities to greater levels of risk to life and property in the event Of earthquakes and other natural hazards. India is an area of 3,287,263 square kilometers and a coastline of 7516 km, with the last official census in 2001 showing a population 1. 028 billion people (NIB, 2009). Tamil Nadia covers an area of 130, 0582 SMS and has a coastline f about 1,076 SMS which is about 15% of the coastline of India (Bavarian et al. , 2011). More than 40% of the fisher population lives within 1 km of coast and 50% of them live within 2 km of the coast. The geographical setting of Tamil Nadia makes the state vulnerable to natural disasters such as cyclones (Mascaras and Kumara 2007) floods and earthquake-induced tsunami. About 8% of the state is affected by five to six cyclones every year, of which two to three are severe. Cyclonic activities on the east coast are more severe than on the west coast, and occur mainly be;en April-May and October- November (Supply and Aircraftman, 2009). Floods Floods are high stream flow that overflows the natural banks of the rivers and most of the times become calamitous. India is the most flood affected nation after Bangladesh. Out of total deaths by Floods in the world, (1/5) are from India. The main causes of floods are excessive rains in river catchments, poor natural drainage, Change of river course, Landslide restricting river flow, cyclone and very intense rainfall (Fig. 1). Over that past few years the rise in population is forcing large settlements along the river banks, making the country Thou Education and Research Trust (YEAR) Stephen, 201 2 J. Cad. Indus. Rest. Volvo. 1(2) July 2012 60 policies and measures for various preventions and disaster management activities are properly implemented. From the flood hazard map of India (Fig. 1), it is seen that no area in Tamil Nadia falls in the risk zone. But within a local body area, particularly with reference to an areas proximity to a major drainage system like rivers, canals, and also water bodies like lakes, and further with reference to contour levels/low-lying areas, flood prone area mapping has to be done. Tamil Nadia is also subjected to annual flooding including flash floods, cloudburst floods, monsoon floods of single and multiple events, cyclonic floods, and those due to dam bursts or failure. Every year, on average thousands of people are affected, a few hundred lives are lost, thousands are rendered homeless and several hectares of crops are damaged. Every year, Flooding in India affects Tamil Nadia and the other Indian states of Assam, Briar, West Bengal, Gujarat, Arioso, Utterance, and Maharajahs (Supply and Aircraftman, 2009). Floods are the most frequent and often the most devastating. The cause of flood is mainly the causalities of rainfall in North east monsoon period in the state. Out of the total annual rainfall in the state, 90% is concentrated over short monsoon season of three months. As a result, heavy discharges from the rivers during this period causing widespread floods in the delta regions. Floods occur mainly in the coastal districts basin that carries 100% of the state total river flows (Poniard, 2006). Cyclones Cyclone refers to a whirl in the atmosphere with very strong winds circulating around it in anti-clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. Cyclones re intense low pressure areas with pressure increasing outwards. Cyclones can be hazardous as Cyclones are normally associated with strong winds. A storm surge is an abnormal rise of sea level near the coast caused by a Fig. 1. F-loot hazard map of India. Highly vulnerable to Floods. The most vulnerable states of India are Attar Pradesh, Briar, Assam, West Bengal, Gujarat, Arioso, Andorra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharajahs, Punjab and Jam and Kashmir. In 1994, a major flood killed 147 people in Kraal, 138 in Gujarat and marooned 10000 in Madhya Pradesh. In 1995, the states of Attar Pradesh, Harlan and Raunchy Pradesh were severely hit by flood causing huge casualties. In the year 1996, a fierce flood literally paralyzed India, Thousands of people died, got homeless, were marooned in the states of Restaurants, Andorra Pradesh, Jam and Kashmir also affecting many other parts Of the country. In short, nearly every year one or the other part of the country is severely hit by Hoods and creating a shameful history for India. It is high time that the @Youth Education and Research Trust (YEAR) J. Cad. Indus. Rest. Volvo. 1(2) July 2012 61 period (Fig. 2). The coast line starts from Publican along the east coast and extends up to Ruminatively in Sanitarium District and consists of Estuaries of ecological importance, Major and Minor ports, Fishing harbors, Monuments of international heritage, Tourist locations, Pilgrimage centers, etc. Earthquakes Earthquakes are powerful manifestations of sudden releases of strain energy accumulated within the crust and propagated as seismic waves. The need to understand and study the phenomenon of earthquake is for a simple reason, that it is the most disastrous natural calamity for mankind. The Himalayan Frontal arc in India is amongst the most seismically active regions of the world. Even the Peninsular Stretch is extremely susceptible to Earthquakes. The Run of Ketch Earthquake of 1918 is one of the largest interplant events in the world. The first Seismological observatory in India was established in the year 1 898 in the city of Calcutta. Over the years the department has been exponentially expanded by the Meteorological Department of India. Tamil Nadia is not as seismically active as states in the northern and western parts of the country, small to moderate earthquakes have occurred in the state of Tamil Nadia. The frequency of earthquakes is low I. E. The gap between moderate sized events is fairly long. Seismic activity in the recent past has occurred in clusters (Disgusts et al. , 2000) along the borders with Andorra Pradesh, Karakas and Kraal. Ever tropical cyclone; as a result, sea water inundates low lying areas of coastal regions drowning human beings and lives-stock, eroding beaches and embankments, destroying vegetation and reducing soil fertility. Fig. 2. TN: Hazard Map-earthquake, Floods and Cyclone (After Poniard, 2006). Apart from strong winds, cyclones can result in heavy rains causing floods. However, the most destructive factor associated with the cyclones is the storm surge. The worst and the oldest cyclone in India was in 1 737, in Calcutta that took 300000 lives respectively. For cyclone forecast and advance warning, the Government has strengthened the Meteorological Department, by providing Cyclone Surveillance Radars at Calcutta, Prepared, Visitation, Machinations, Madras and Karakul in the east coast and at Cochin, Goat Bombay and Bush in the west coast. As India has a vast coastline Several faults have been identified in this region out of it is extremely vulnerable to cyclone. In India, nearly 150 which many show evidence of movement (Disgusts et million people are prone to natural hazard in coastal l. , 2000) during the Holocene period. The east-west areas (Return, 1995; 1999). Bay of Bengal is one of the trending Caver Fault, Tranquiller- Butchery Fault five cyclone prone areas of the world. The coastal and Vagina River Fault and the north-south trending regions surrounding this bay are frequently affected by Coming-Point Acclaimer Fault and Rationalizations from the sea as well as from the rivers due to Deviant Fault are some of them and run close to tropical cyclones and related storm surges and heavy major urban centers like Combaters, Madeira, rainfall. In Tamil Nadia during he years 1 990 to 1 995, Imagination, Thankful and Butchery. ND 2006 the damages caused Fig. 3. Seismic hazard map of TN (After Amateur Seismic Centre, 2012). To property were worth 5800 million rupees (US$ 170 M) and the loss of human lives were more than 500 (Rammers, 2007). Tamil Nadia lies in the southern part of Indian peninsula and has a long east coast. The east coast is more vulnerable to cyclones and floods. Tamil Nadia has a very long coastline Of about smoke with 591 coastal villages, which is exposed to tropical cyclone arising in the Bay of Bengal and has seasonal character to Tamil Nadia. In 2005, 9 cyclonic storms crossed Tamil Nadia and Andorra coast in a three month 62 the influence of gravity (Noncom et al. , 1972; Barnes, 1978; Hutchinson, 1988; WAP/WILL, 1990; Cruder, 1991; Cruder and Barnes, 1996). In the hilly areas of India, the sliding of huge masses of land has been a common natural disaster causing havoc to life and property. One of the worst and most disastrous landslides has been recorded in the year 1998 in the state of Outranked, when nearly 380 people were killed. As a measure of concern many committees and other measures have been taken to protect from this natural havoc in India. In India, the regions of Himalayas and the Western Ghats are the most vulnerable to these land-slides. Fig. 4. Block diagram of a landslide (Barnes, 1974). However, it must be stated that proximity to faults does not necessarily translate into a higher hazard as compared to areas located further away, as damage from earthquakes depends on numerous factors such as subsurface geology as well as adherence to the building codes. The seismic hazard map of India was updated in 2000 by the Bureau of Indian Standards (IBIS). According to the new map more areas of Tamil Nadia are susceptible to damage from earthquakes than previously thought (Fig. ). The city of Achaean, formerly in Zone II now lies in Zone Ill. Districts in the western part of the state, that lie along the border with Kraal also lie in Zone Ill, along with districts along the border of Andorra Pradesh and a section of the border with Karakas. The maximum intensity expected in these areas would be around MASK VII. The rest of the state lies in Zone II. Since the earthquake database in India is still incomplete, especially with regards to earthquakes prior to the historical period (before 1800 A. D. ), these zones offer a rough guide of the earthquake hazard in any particular region and need to be regularly updated Praiseworthy and Rejuvenated, 201 1 According to GAPS data, the state of Tamil Nadia falls mostly in a region of low seismic hazard with the exception of western border areas that lie in a low to moderate hazard zone. Butchery lies in a low hazard region. As per the 2002 Bureau of Indian Standards (IBIS) map, Tamil Nadia and Butchery fall in Zones II and Ill. Historically, parts of this region have experienced seismic activity in the MM. O range. Tamil Nadia is also prone to very severe damaging earthquakes. Its people feel much more vulnerable to earthquake-induced tsunamis since the 004 Indian Ocean tsunami, which affected the coast of Tamil Nadia destroying much of the marine biology and severely damaging the ecosystem (Government of Tamil Nadia, 2008). Crops, settlements, trees, birds, fishes, wildlife, and properties were destroyed. Precious coral reefs and mangrove areas were crushed by the huge tsunami waves that devastated South India, an environmental and economic setback that could take years to reverse. Power and communications were totally disrupted. The damage to humans, especially women and children, and animal life, was tremendous, resulting in emotional and mental trauma (Kumar et al. 2007). Largest Instrumented Earthquake occurred in Tamil Nadia and Butchery on the 26 September 2001(11. 984 N, 80. 25 E, D=OHIO. O SMS, UTC). A moderate earthquake occurred in the Bay of Bengal, off the coast of the union territory of Butchery, on 25 September 2001 at 20:26 PM local time resulting in three deaths and minor damage to property in Butchery and coastal Tamil Nadia. It had a magnitude of Mm=S. 5. Landslides Landslides are mass movement of rocks and debris that usually follow a cyclone, volcano or earthquake under The main causes of landslides are weak, weathered materials, physical repertory variation, Ground uplift, erosion, Earthquake, Volcanic eruptions etc. The general and simple mitigation that are adopted or should be adopted are drainage correction, proper land-utilization, reforestation and spreading Of awareness. Landslides have represented 4. 89% of the total natural disasters that occurred worldwide during the years 1 990 2005 (www. Me-data. Net). Landslide is one of the major natural hazards that are commonly experienced in hilly terrains all over the world. Landslides are affect at least 15 per cent of the land area of India-?an area which exceeds 2 0. 49 million km . In India the incidence of landslides in Himalayas and other hill ranges is an annual and recurring phenomenon. There is a variation in the degree of landslide incidences in various hill ranges (Table 1). Table 1. Incidences of landslides in India. Region Incidences of landslides Himalayas High to very high North eastern Hills High Western Ghats and the Inklings Moderate to high Eastern Ghats and Evangelically Low For example, the landslide incidences are high to very high in Himalayas, high in Northeastern hill ranges, high to moderate in Western Ghats and Inklings and low in the hill ranges of Eastern Ghats and Vanishes. The landslide hazard conation atlas of India published by Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council (EMPTY), Government of India reveals that the Inklings district of Tamil Nadia state is one of the severe to very high landslide hazard prone areas Of India. 63 rain at OConnor resulting in washing away of one woman and 2 Children. The rainfall recorded at OConnor and Kodak was 145. 2 mm and 142. 2 mm respectively. On the 19 there was heavy landslide of 1 00 yards in width and about 1. 00 km in length in Sells of Kettle Village of OConnor Talk resulting In filling up of a Valley of 30- 50. The heaviest rainfall of the day was 187. 6 mm at OConnor. On 20. 1 1. 1979 also, there was heavy rain of 102. 2 mm at OConnor and a heavy landslide at Sells in which a house was completely buried in the debris along with 2 women and 3 children. The rainfall recorded on that day at Agitator, Kodak and Kandahar was 90. 4 mm, 99. 8 mm and 78. 0 mm respectively. There was heavy SST rainfall of 71. 0 mm at Devalue on 21 . On 28. 11. 79 also there was heavy rain of 144. 2 mm at OConnor. the 25 October 1990: The North East Monsoon was heavy and there was a cloud burst. More than 35 families were buried alive in a place called Gadded. November 1993: There was another cloud burst on 11 11-1993 in the upper reach of Marmalade of OConnor Talk, about 18 huts situated below the road and washing away OConnor MET Ghats Road for about la km. The Road traffic was suspended for more than a fort night. 12 persons lost their live and 15 persons missing. It is laid that 21 passengers were washed away with two buses. An important highway, sheared stretched of rail road for about 300 m. H 1 1 December 1 998: Due to continuous rain fall, one big boulder weighing about 20 m tones fell on the OConnor Metallurgy main road and the road as closed for traffic, the rock was blasted and earth slips were removed and traffic was resumed from 14. 12. 98. December 2001: Due to continuous rainfall, two massive landslides occurred near puddle on the Counterrevolutionary high way damaging Non bridges resulting in the complete closure of traffic. In addition a closer damage was al so caused to the railway track between OConnor and Metallurgy. Bridge no 55 near hill grove railway station was completely damaged and Bridge No 56 was also damaged. November 2006: Consequent upon continuous heavy rains in the Inkling Hills, numerous landslides were reported to have occurred at the early ours on 14. 11. 2006 killing one and injuring three persons and disrupting traffic in NH 67 and blocking of Mountain Rail track between Metallurgy and OConnor (inklings. Nice. In; Sympathy et al. , 2010). Drought Drought is a temporary aberration unlike aridity, which is a permanent feature of climate. It is a normal, recurrent feature of climate and occurs in all climatic regimes and is usually characterized in terms of its spatial extension, intensity and duration. Conditions of drought appear when the rainfall is deficient in relation to the statistical multi-year average for a region, over an extended erred of a season or year, or even more (Manual for drought management, 2009). There are three types of droughts; Meteorological drought is when the actual rainfall is much less than the climatologically mean of the area. Unprecedented rains triggered about a hundred landslides within an area of 250 sq. SMS in the district during 1978. Nearly 200 landslides were recorded during 1979 and causing loss of life and severe damage to property. Though the Inkling and other mountainous areas are known to be susceptible to landslides, occurrences of such magnitude were unknown earlier. A total of 8 landslides of medium to large size occurred on 14 November, 2006 along NH between Cellar and Pudenda villages and along Mountain Railway track between Dearly and Barbital stations. In the recent times casualties and damage due to landslides have increased in the Inkling Hills. More than 110 landslides were reported within five days from 10 to 15 November, 2009, and taken away about 80 human lives, also the vast damage reported on houses, roads and railway lines. This taught the lesson for the need and urgency of landslide planning in Inklings among the scientific community and planners (Sympathy et al. 2010). Some of the major landslides of Inklings rd 23 October 1865: Worst Storm on record occurred around Toy and OConnor. OConnor Railway station was covered with water up to 5 feet deep. In Toy Lake rose up to top Of willow bound and threatened to breach it. November 1891: Storm caused many landslips on the OConnor Ghats, and did great damage to the Agitator Metaphysical road. December 1 902: Twenty one inches of rain (three times the average amount) fell in that month in OConnor, and at Agitator 24 inches (six times the average amount) was received, of which 8. 45 inches fell in a single night. The OConnor railway was blocked for a month the old and new OConnor railway was blocked for a month the old and new OConnor Ghats roads for nearly as long and all the traffic of the eastern side of the plateau was thrown upon the Agitator Ghats, which was itself in a perilous condition slips having occurred throughout and being serious in six places out of its twenty one miles length. the 4 October 1905: 6. 8 inches of rain fell at OConnor in three hours and the OConnor river and its effluents came down in heavy and sudden floods, the former sweeping right over the parapet of the bridge near the realization. The families of the station staff had to be rescued by breaking open the back windows of their quarters with crowbars. the 5 November 1978: mm of rain was recorded at Toy of which 243 MM was during the night between 5. 00 pm the of 4 and 8. 00 am of 5th. Many people were killed in Toy on account of houses collapses, landslides and drowning. Reports were also received regarding the causalities due to landslides and floods in Kohlrabies; Mitochondria; Dossal and Galatia areas of Dogmatically Talk and Manhattan of OConnor Talk. the November 1979: Heavy rainfall started from 12 November 1 979 and the highest rain fall as 114. Mm at the Kodak. On 13 it was 149. 4 mm at OConnor and 169. 9 the mm at Kodak. On the 15 night heavy landslide had the occurred at Duodecimal, on 16 night there was heavy 64 Fig. 5. Map of drought prone districts of India (Drought prone areas are in red). The country as a whole may have a normal monsoon, but different meteorological districts and sub-divisions can have below normal rainfall. The rainfall categories for smaller areas are defined by their deviation from a meteorological areas normal rainfall (Table 2). Table 2. Rainfall categories. Category Excess Normal Deficient Scanty Deviation 20% or more above aroma 19% above normal-19% below normal 20% below normal-59% below normal 60% or more below normal Meteorological history of droughts in India During 1871-2002, there were 22 major drought years, defined as years with All India Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ASSAM) less than one standard deviation below the mean (I. E. Anomaly below-10%): 1873, 1877, 1899, 1901, 1904, 1905, 1911 , 1918, 1920, 1941, 195 1, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1972, 1974, 1979, 1982, 1985, 1986, 1987, 2002. The frequency of drought has varied over the decades. From 1899 to 1920, there were 7 drought years. The incidence of drought came down teens 1941 and 1 965 when the country witnessed just three drought years. Again, during 1965-87, of the 21 years, 10 were drought years and the increased free ounce was attributed to the El Nine Southern Oscillation (ONES). Among the drought years, the 1 987 drought was one of the worst droughts of the century, with an overall rainfall deficiency of 19%. It affected 59-60% of the crop area and a population of 285 million. In 2002 too, the overall rainfall deficiency for the country as a whole was 19%. Over 300 million people spread over 18 States were affected by drought in varying degrees. Around 150 million cattle were affected due to lack of fodder and water. Food grains production registered the steepest fall of 29 million tones. No other drought in the past had caused reduction in food grain production to this extent (Samara, 2004). Hydrological drought results from the depletion of surface water causing very low stream flow and drying of lakes, rivers and reservoirs and Agricultural drought resulting from depletion of soil moisture resulting in acute crop stress and fall in agricultural productivity. India has been severely affected by droughts over the past years claiming millions of lives. The agriculture in India is totally dependent on rains, which when is not adequate results in poor yielding of crops. This is particularly true of major drought-prone regions such as southern and eastern Maharajahs, northern Karakas, Andorra Pradesh, Arioso, Gujarat, and Restaurants (Fig. 5). In India there is also a history of droughts leading to famines. During the major drought of 2000-2001, a total of eight states had fallen short of crops. Government policies and preventions play the most significant role in coping up with these environmental disasters. Drought is a normal, recurrent feature of climate.

National Intervention Week Proclamation Essays - Drug Rehabilitation

National Intervention Week Proclamation Essays - Drug Rehabilitation National Intervention Week Proclamation NATIONAL INTERVENTION WEEK PROCLAMATION In April 1997, Paul J. Peloquin, Sr. , a professional interventionist and trainer had a vision to make the American Public more aware of the intervention process which over the last 25 years has proven to help untold thousands break through the denial of their addictions. In the mid 1960s Dr. Vernon Johnson founded the Johnsons Institute and Intervention Process, which people would use for many decades to come. Betty Ford wrote a letter to Dr. Johnson thanking him for the intervention process, for it had helped her; as it has helped so many others. Intervention in itself will become the modality of the future in assisting people to realize the denial of the addiction before it totally destroys the individual and the families of the people affected by the disease. This in turn will save billions of tax dollars in medical expenses. As stated in the National Drug Control Strategy of 1998 (a ten year plan) Goal 3, Objective 1... Support and promote effective, efficient, and accessible drug treatment, ensuring the development of a system that is responsive to emerging trends in drug abuse. Furthermore, Objective 3... Promote national adoption of drug-free workplace programs that emphasize a comprehensive program that includes: drug testing, education, prevention, and INTERVENTION. The American Board of Certified Interventionists, Inc. Founded by Paul J. Peloquin, Sr. Ph.D. has gained the support of Governors and Congressmen. It is the belief that awareness and education will keep the American Public thinking and talking about addiction and the problems it causes. This in turn will convey to the individuals that truly need help, but are preoccupied with their addiction and cannot see their denial without the assistance of others, hence intervention . Moving into the next millennium with the knowledge to stop or interrupt the addiction process sends an important message to Americans and people around the world that, we as a people are not allowing life-threatening problems to conquer our loved ones without taking an educated stand on the issues. Governor Fob James, Jr. and Congressman Joe Scarborough have endorsed the National Intervention Week as a well-needed proclamation to bring attention to the process to make millions aware of what is available to them to help others. It is time for the President of this great Nation to support the proclamation by endorsing National Intervention Week (19 April through 23 April) as a time for healing and new beginnings for those in need. Paul J. Peloquin, Sr. Ph.D Founder and President American Board of Certified Interventionists, Inc Bibliography The American Board of Certified Interventionists,Inc. Vernon Johnsons; How to get someone help Florida Coalition on Drug Education, Prevention, Intervention, Inc.

Get a Free JavaScript Download

Get a Free JavaScript Download Unlike other languages that can be used in a web browser, JavaScript doesnt need to be downloaded and installed. Browsers that support JavaScript have it built into the browser, where it is turned on by default (meaning that typically, youll need to change your browser settings only if you dont want the browser to run JavaScript). The only exception is that Internet Explorer also supports vbScript the same way, and the two languages are controlled via settings called active scripting rather than a setting that reference JavaScript specifically. What you will need to download with JavaScript, then, is not the scripting language itself, but rather those scripts that you want to run in your web page (assuming that you have decided not to learn JavaScript so you can write it all yourself). JavaScript Downloads Are Free There is no need to pay for scripts written in JavaScript, because just about any script imaginable is available somewhere as a free JavaScript download. What you need to be careful of, though, is to obtain them from a site that is actually offering the scripts as a free download, rather than just copying the scripts from any site. JavaScript code that performs any significant task will be subject to copyright, so you will permission from the author to use his or her script. The task the JavaScript is doing is not able to be copyrighted, however, so if you are writing a script yourself, you cant get into trouble for looking at an existing script to see how the programmer did it and then writing your own version. But if you are just looking for free JavaScript downloads, then you should go to a site where the author specifically states that his or her script is available as a free download and can be used on your site. There are many sites that offer free JavaScript downloads, including several huge sites that only offer JavaScript downloads, as well as other sites (such as this one) that offer free JavaScript downloads and also have tutorials on how to write the scripts for yourself. Advantages of Getting Free JavaScript Downloads Apart from avoiding copyright issues, there are other advantages to getting your free JavaScript downloads from a site that is actively offering the scripts. The main one is that such sites usually provide step-by-step instructions on how to actually install and use the script. Where you just grab a script from anywhere, not only are you stealing a script but also you wont get instructions on how to install it or support if you cant get it to work. Another thing to watch for when you are getting your free JavaScript downloads from an appropriate site is that many of these sites have been in existence for many years, and the way that JavaScript should be used has changed over time. In many cases, youll find scripts that were written many years ago to work on the most popular browsers available at that time browsers that are now long gone. Ideally, you should have at least some familiarity with what is currently considered the best way of writing JavaScript, so that you can choose the version that will work best with current browsers. You cant really blame the sites offering scripts that are not up to date. It does take time to code and test JavaScripts to make sure that they work correctly with the wide range of browsers in common use today. Having a somewhat dated script that still works available as a free download is certainly better than not having the script available at all. The biggest sites specializing in free JavaScript downloads usually offer scripts written by a lot of different people, and they rely on someone actually writing a new version of a script before they can offer it for download. Other sites that have their own staff to write and test scripts may have limited resources for being able to create updated versions of scripts, and so they may be offering older scripts until they can make updates. Updating Free JavaScripts One thing to remember when you obtain free JavaScripts for your site is that theres no reason to continue running the same version of the script forever. When a more modern version of the script is made available as a free download, you can always update your page and replace the old script with the new one. This is particularly easy where the new version of the script is offered as a direct replacement for the script you are currently using, but it shouldnt be all that hard even if you get it from a completely different source. The number and variety of scripts offered for free download  mean  that no matter what sort of JavaScript you want to add to your page, you should be able to find several sites offering one or more variations on such scripts. Only when you get to the stage where you require a script that directly interacts with custom code within your web page (such as for form field validation) will you be unable to find a free JavaScript download that does everything for you without your having to code any of it yourself. Even in such situations, you should be able to find free downloads that provide you with pieces of code that will do at least a part of what you need, along with instructions on how to attach such code fragments together to do what you require. Even those who move on to writing their own JavaScript rather than relying on pre-written free downloads can make use of free downloads. Along with complete scripts for performing a variety of simple tasks, there are also code libraries available as free downloads that will provide common functionality that will make writing your own JavaScript much easier. For those want to learn  to program, one of the biggest advantages of JavaScript is that it is all free. You dont need to pay for anything to get started.  The JavaScript language  itself is built into all the browsers you need for  testing the scripts, and there are plenty of free JavaScript downloads of complete scripts and libraries that you can either use as is or examine to see how things work in order to write your own code.

Financing Plan to Raise Capital Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Financing Plan to Raise Capital - Research Paper Example The Marina Restaurant was blessed with an interest from very influential people and customers even from the beginning. It usually hosts live bands apart from food and this has helped it solidify its image as the premier casual rock and roll diner. With all the success, the company has grown globally. The vast amounts of locations reflect the effective and efficient management which has led a small investment in a single cafe into an internationally recognized business expanding in just over 18 years. Marina Restaurant revenues are mainly from cafes, selling memorabilia and hotels. To ensure customers keep coming back they ensure they provide excellent value in the form of good food and entertainment. With such growth, the management has decided to open more outlets for the restaurant. However, it needs capital to start up the investment. Start-up Funding The Marina Restaurant seeks funding of $900,000 for the new venture and it will get it from three investment groups or under equity offering which entails raising capital through the issue of stock. This approach is preferred at this stage since there are no repayment schedule or debt service repayments. The shareholders will only get their returns when the company makes profits. The shareholders also have a right to vote during annual general meetings and can elect the board of directors (Owen 2003). The ordinary shareholders are the owners of the business and can receive dividends from profits. However, it is a costly process as there are floatation costs incurred and it can lead to dilution of shares held by existing shareholders. It is also risky if there are no dividends payable at year end thus shareholders end up bearing the operational risk. The investment documents will be prepared by legal firms representing each party and will not be limited to Form D Security Exchange Commission (SEC) filing, Subscriptions agreement and the Private Placement Memorandum (PPM). The subscriptions agreement reflects the terms and conditions of the investment. In other words, it is the sales contract for buying securities. Form D SEC filing notifies the commission that the company is using Regulation D program and also gives the basic information of the company. It is vital to note that this form is not an approval document but a mere notification that the company has an offering in the place. It is a violation of the security laws under the federal government to raise capital without this document. The PPM discloses all the company’s information to investors. The information maybe whether the company is raising debt or equity, the risk the investors may face and the terms of the investment( share price, maturity dates or note amounts). Financial projections Financial projections will be on the income statement, statement of financial position, statement of cash flows as well as on the financial ratios. Projections will be on years ranging from 1 to 5, and they are based on historical inform ation already available from the company (Owen 2003). Apart from the forecast, the break-even analysis will be carried out. Break even analysis Break even analysis shows the relationship between selling prices, sales volume, variable costs, fixed costs and profits at various levels of activity. It is also referred to as cost-volume profit analysis. It used in determining the break-even point where the total revenue equals the total costs. This means that at BEP, the profits are zero. Fixed costs include rent,

The Endocrine System of the Human Body. To include major organs, Essay

The Endocrine System of the Human Body. To include major organs, physiology and function. The effects of a homeostatic imbalanc - Essay Example The pituitary gland is referred to as the â€Å"master gland† because it highly influences other body organs, and is responsible for producing (1) prolactin in lactating women, (2) growth hormone, (3) adrenocorticotropin, (4) thyroid-stimulating hormone, (5) luteinizing hormone, (6) follicle-stimulating hormone, (7) oxytocin, and (8) antidiuretic hormone (â€Å"The Endocrine†). These hormones produced by the pituitary gland are in turn in-charge with many bodily functions. The hypothalamus acts to start and stop the production of pituitary hormones, according to the body’s need. The thymus is needed for normal immune functions; while the pineal gland is said to influence sleep patterns by producing melatonin. Both testes and ovaries are responsible for sexual traits of men and women, respectively, as the testes produce testosterone and ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone. The thyroid gland, important in metabolism, produces tri-iodothyronine (T3) and thyrox ine (T4). Adrenal glands are made up of the adrenal cortex and medulla, where the former produces hormones essential for life, like glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. The parathyroid glands, on the other hand, are tasked with calcium and phosphorus levels regulation; and the pancreas is vital for insulin and glucagon production to control serum glucose levels.

Online booking system for parking Literature review - 1

Online booking system for parking - Literature review Example Even after locating the space it might not be possible to access it since there could be other vehicle blocking the way. This is all due to the cumbersome nature of organising manual system. The level of safety in such a parking lot may be compromised since the user may not be in a position to navigate the congested parking damaging other user’s property. Developing an online booking system would alleviate the problem of time wastage on the side of the users of the parking lots included in the system (Whapples 2005). People visiting the area for the first usually find it difficult to locate organised and accessible parking space where they can feel secure. They always end up stranded and have to keep enquiring from strangers further increases the risk. During open public occasion such as the festive season there is usually an influx of people in key commercial centres. The congestion cause confusion and locating a vacant parking space can be highly involving. Online booking sy stem for parking would help solve this problem since the user will have priory located and paid for the parking service (Cegielski 2010). This gives the people time to settle down into the main activities of the day within the shortest time possible. It would also relieve the workers who have office in the premises of the hustle of trying to locate a parking space every time they report working. This means their productivity would be enhanced since they do not waste energy so early in the day. Customers always are motivated to shop at the malls that do not put them through unnecessary strains associated with lack of parking space (Whapples 2005). They feel safe, and this would mean that encourage them to make subsequent visit to such well managed premises. The system will fit in well with the already existing online communication network such as the e-mail and mobile phone communication. This is because most of the current communications are data enabled and can therefore, access in ternet. Overall objectives This project seeks to achieve the following objective: Move from the paper base parking booking system to an online system for wide easier accessibility by users Make open occasion booking and payment easier especially for the visitors. To acquire a far more effective management tool with which to operate the parking booking and payment for it. Reduce the time spent by users trying to locate. Techniques for realisation During the selection of the reservation period, the user reservation request is usually directed the server which controls the parking system at the parking lot (Global 2010). This is where the basic charges tariffs are stored in the system and determined. Discounts can be allowed for various parking periods. Specification of the contingency and the reservation period consideration, the time per each reservation and the number of customer reservations determines the individual charges. The reservation system is a platform for car park bookin g at all locations connected to the system. The online booking system has the freedom of web design (Whapples 2005). T

List given to choose from Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

List given to choose from - Research Paper Example Brian Turner is an American army veteran who served the army for seven years. He was assigned in Bosnia in 1999 and Herzegovina in 2000. Later, in 2004 he served as a team leader in the first Stryker brigade sent to Iraq, and was stationed near Mosul for much of 2004. As a poet, Turner’s contributions to war poetry, as Clover and Brouer note, are his earnest and proficient observations of war, which the audience would not find in a press release. In his poems, Turner provides his reflections of war apart from the Yeatsian style, which is said to â€Å"negotiate between the expectations of antiwar audience and the demands of American poetry as a national genre† (Metres 14). Instead, Turner employs seriality in his poems. The term seriality was first introduced by Jean-Paul Sarte and was later used by Iris Marion Young to refer to the collectivity of women â€Å"based on social experiences† (Zack 139). In this paper, the term seriality is used not just to refer to women but to a group of people with the same experiences, particularly soldiers or promoters of peace. In â€Å"Here, Bullet,† one can conceive the seriality among soldiers, not just American soldiers. The persona in the poem is a soldier who challenges bullet in his body to take his life, saying, â€Å"I dare you to finish what you have started. ..triggering my tongue’s explosives for the riffling I have inside of me† (8-9, 12-13). By talking to the bullet this way, the persona embodies every soldier’s view of life and death. Turner does not limit the identity of his persona to an American soldier. There are no descriptions to identify the soldier’s nationality. As such, the poem achieves universality as it deals with the struggles of soldiers for life. The seriality in Turner’s poems leads the audience to empathize with soldiers and feel resistance to war. The poem does not limit the audience to share the author’s political view of war. Instead, the poem guide the readers to gain personal insights and understanding of the issue by submerging them into the experience and not just soliciting reactions or observations as other poems usually do. This view of the audience as active participants in the experience is in accordance with Adorno’s view (Metres 13). Specifically, in Turner’s award-winning poem, â€Å"Here, Bullet,† the author powerfully uses the first-person perspective to address a bullet that is supposed to cause the persona’s death. The persona uses an implied personification and talks straight to the bullet, saying, Because here, Bullet,/here is where I complete the word you bring (9-10). As the readers recite the poem, they are led to assume the persona’s identity by the use of â€Å"I.† Addressing an inanimate object such as a bullet signifies a one-sided conversation that captures the interest of the readers to engage in the communication either as the per sona or the addressee. Unlike in a monologue where the persona controls his/her thoughts as he/she addresses him/herself, the dialogue allows the audience to participate as either the persona or the addressee, thus achieving seriality not only among soldiers but peacemakers alike. Turner’s use of polyvocal collage invites the readers to be active participants to the war experience or the journey. The term polyvocal collage suggests the use of different speakers in the

The Religious Teachings of Gandhi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Religious Teachings of Gandhi - Essay Example Later on, Gandhi remarked that all religions are equal and there is only one God through different interpretations of various religions. This research paper provides a broad based understanding of Gandhi’s views on religions and also provides an understanding on his ideas on Jainism he learned from his mother as well as ideas of Jainism as a religion in its own right. Gandhi says that God is invisible but has many names and different forms to it. This paper shall be divided into two parts. The first part shall deal with the learning Gandhi adopted while going through various diverse experiences during his time as a lawyer in India and then in South Africa. The second part of the paper shall deal with his learning of Jainism, which his mom taught him as well as the other teachings, and learning of Jainism, which the writer is going to extract and put down in a brief format in this essay. Gandhi’s Religious and Philosophical Learnings: At the outset as a young boy Gandhi was not much into religious teachings and following the concept of God. He tried to defy his family and friends by making fun of the teachings and took pride in the fact that he experimented with meat at the age of 15. However, his mother was a staunch follower of Hinduism and she kept on instilling the beliefs of Hinduism, which at a young age did not inspire him much, but later on as he grew into a man and started living on his own, the ideas came to him and he took inspiration form the teachings of his mother. (Hill, B) When Gandhi embarked to England, he started reading the Bible and the Bhagvad Gita very religiously. He became a devotee in the teachings of these holy books, and soon when he came back to India he started practicing the teachings of the holy books he had read while he was in England. Despite his youthful resistance to religion, Gandhi did resort to understanding the intellectual aspect of the religions, which he had learned from his mother, with regard to Jainism and Hinduism. He appreciated he intellectual beauty that the religions showed and displayed in their understandings. Gandhi was an honest man and refused to cheat in school even when he was told by his headmaster to do the same. Once he landed in South Africa, Gandhi took to meditation in a religious manner. He also began the movement for the NRI in South Africa who were discriminated against by the white people, and Gandhi’s religious teachings allowed him to take a strong moral stand on this issue. Gandhi started the uprising against the white people claiming that each and every man is a son/daughter to the God and that all men are equally born before God, and therefore they should not be treated unequally or be discriminated against. Gandhi often found the inspiration of God from his heroes, which he admired during his lifetime. Gandhi’s quest for the truth kept him inspired to read the religious texts deeply and wholeheartedly. He devoted a lot of his time in unde rstanding the meaning of the Koran, Bible and the Gita, and applied the fundamentals of these books in his every day life, where morality was second to none, as well as non-violence, which he criticized the Gita for. During a visit to Rome, Gandhi was brought to tears when he looked at the Michelangelo’s panting of the Sistine chapel. An individual wh asked him the reason for his tears, he said that he believed in al forms of religions and did not restrict his beliefs to only Hinduism, as he was the man of God and believed in the ideology of God as One and all, and he was the follower of all religions. Gandhi in his teachings has practiced and

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 76

Marketing - Essay Example Market research also enables firms that are new to gain a competitive edge over the more established firms. For instance, when Sprite was launched in Ireland, it struggled to get a market share of the beverage company however, after proper research they discovered that if they branded it more as a cool drink that they would be more popular. With proper rebranding, sprite was able to sell double the expected number of bottles and even launch the 2-litre bottle ahead of time. (Parasuraman, Dhruv & Ramayya, 2007) A primary research study is a study that has not been done before involving the first set of data to be recorded relating to the study. Using clothes selection as my choice to conduct research in, to select a sample frame I would take into consideration the target group of my product. The consumers would have to be divided according to age, gender marital status and number of children. The volume and nature of data required would be taken in to consideration whether it is quantitative or qualitative (Wild and Diggines, 2009). With qualitative data only a small niche of the market is targeted as compared with quantitative data, however, quantitative data requires less expertise and would be preferable for primary data to get data over the entire market. In selecting the sample, data collection method cost must be considered as well as the main purpose of the research and the period for conducting the research to be done (Wild and Diggines, 2009). The survey method of data collection is the least credible since high number of surveys are not returned when sent via the postal method and there is always the risk that the respondents who did reply are of a particular demography that relates to the survey meaning that their responses will be overrepresented in the data collection. This is because there is no interaction between the respondent and surveyor, this method is not suitable for qualitative study (Gupta, 2003). However, the main advantage of the

The Religious Teachings of Gandhi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Religious Teachings of Gandhi - Essay Example Later on, Gandhi remarked that all religions are equal and there is only one God through different interpretations of various religions. This research paper provides a broad based understanding of Gandhi’s views on religions and also provides an understanding on his ideas on Jainism he learned from his mother as well as ideas of Jainism as a religion in its own right. Gandhi says that God is invisible but has many names and different forms to it. This paper shall be divided into two parts. The first part shall deal with the learning Gandhi adopted while going through various diverse experiences during his time as a lawyer in India and then in South Africa. The second part of the paper shall deal with his learning of Jainism, which his mom taught him as well as the other teachings, and learning of Jainism, which the writer is going to extract and put down in a brief format in this essay. Gandhi’s Religious and Philosophical Learnings: At the outset as a young boy Gandhi was not much into religious teachings and following the concept of God. He tried to defy his family and friends by making fun of the teachings and took pride in the fact that he experimented with meat at the age of 15. However, his mother was a staunch follower of Hinduism and she kept on instilling the beliefs of Hinduism, which at a young age did not inspire him much, but later on as he grew into a man and started living on his own, the ideas came to him and he took inspiration form the teachings of his mother. (Hill, B) When Gandhi embarked to England, he started reading the Bible and the Bhagvad Gita very religiously. He became a devotee in the teachings of these holy books, and soon when he came back to India he started practicing the teachings of the holy books he had read while he was in England. Despite his youthful resistance to religion, Gandhi did resort to understanding the intellectual aspect of the religions, which he had learned from his mother, with regard to Jainism and Hinduism. He appreciated he intellectual beauty that the religions showed and displayed in their understandings. Gandhi was an honest man and refused to cheat in school even when he was told by his headmaster to do the same. Once he landed in South Africa, Gandhi took to meditation in a religious manner. He also began the movement for the NRI in South Africa who were discriminated against by the white people, and Gandhi’s religious teachings allowed him to take a strong moral stand on this issue. Gandhi started the uprising against the white people claiming that each and every man is a son/daughter to the God and that all men are equally born before God, and therefore they should not be treated unequally or be discriminated against. Gandhi often found the inspiration of God from his heroes, which he admired during his lifetime. Gandhi’s quest for the truth kept him inspired to read the religious texts deeply and wholeheartedly. He devoted a lot of his time in unde rstanding the meaning of the Koran, Bible and the Gita, and applied the fundamentals of these books in his every day life, where morality was second to none, as well as non-violence, which he criticized the Gita for. During a visit to Rome, Gandhi was brought to tears when he looked at the Michelangelo’s panting of the Sistine chapel. An individual wh asked him the reason for his tears, he said that he believed in al forms of religions and did not restrict his beliefs to only Hinduism, as he was the man of God and believed in the ideology of God as One and all, and he was the follower of all religions. Gandhi in his teachings has practiced and

Conceptual Theoretical paper-Nursing theory Term Paper

Conceptual Theoretical -Nursing theory - Term Paper Example 2). By being an art, nurses are substantially encouraged to be practically creative and resourceful in delivering services that are efficient and effective. At the same time, it is a science for nursing practice should be anchored on theoretical and conceptual bodies of clinical knowledge in ensuring that every action promotes safety and enhancement of patients’ health. The patients’ overall well-being should be at the central of nursing. In line with this, nurses need to relate professional knowledge into clinical practice, through theoretical and conceptual frameworks bridges, dynamically linking care between health personnel and care recipients, in consideration with environmental factors. The body of knowledge in nursing had been divided into several categories to distinguish bulks of nursing concepts constructed. Fawcett (1995 as cited in Timmins, 2005) identified hierarchical structure in nursing knowledge, where different levels are interconnected in clinical fie lds: â€Å"(1) metaparadigm (2) philosophy (3) theory (4) conceptual models.† Metaparadigms are quite broad in context, which translate clinical values indicated in constructed philosophies, while theories are more specific in experiential nursing fields. Fawcett (1994 as cited in Masters, 2005) added that conceptual models, being the last, pertain to sets of nursing abstracts and propositions that are meaningfully integrated for valid reference in nursing disciplines. One of the fundamental bases in modern nursing profession is the theory created by Florence Nightingale. Her philosophical concepts are simple in construct, though, it primarily stabilized how nurses act in deference to patient interaction. In her environmental model for nurses, Nightingale proposed that elements observed in environment can have a significant impact on patients’ health conditions (Butts & Rich, 2010). The model substantially linked three important entities together: the patient, nurses, and their environment. Her meta paradigm in Figure 1 (please see Appendix A), showed these three factors that may influence outcomes in health, where emphasis can be made on the nature present in the environment that can be manipulated, such as conditions in light and temperature, nutritional intake, hygienic provisions, and emotional support as essential in providing dynamic nursing services (Masters, 2005). At this point, health promotion and disease prevention seemed at the heart of Nightingale’s environmental model, as largely observed in current priorities in modern day nursing practice. On the basis of Nightingale’s philosophical proposition, her conceptions on how to deliver nursing services may be too broad in specific nursing fields, but clinical areas can benefit from environmental modification emphasis in her mode. As affirmed by Alligood and Marriner-Tomey (2006), nursing models bridge the gap between professional knowledge and practices, as its communicati ve quality translates knowledge base into clinical actions. In application, the said metaparadigm can be generated in preventing hospital-acquired bacterial transmission in urinary tract infection (UTI). According to several reports, hospital-acquired (nosocomial) infections compose almost 40% of cases, where majority (80%) had been contracted during â€Å"indwelling urethral catheter use† (Nicolle, 2007, p. 251). The alarming rate of infection transmission from health care providers to care recipients

War Imagery Essay Example for Free

War Imagery Essay No matter where we are in the world, we are confronted with images every second of the day. Whether good or bad, we are exposed to imagery that evokes positive and negative emotions in us all. At present there is an intense debate raging as to whether or not the media should publish and expose society to certain images. Images such as those published on television and newspapers around the world exposing society to the abuse of Iraqi prisoners by US troops. Opinions on the publication of these images are divided. Some people in our society are of the belief that, the very act of showing such imagery, acts as mechanism for which terrorist can use as motivation to wreak havoc on innocent people around the globe [For example, The Bali and Madrid bombings]. We are excessively slapped in the face by pictures of local violence and brutality daily. However during times of war, the images we are exposed to bare greater significance and power. One compelling image can change a thousand public opinions. Image makers use certain pictures in order to manipulate society into exhibiting emotions, whether it is passion or sheer outrage, because they know that by exploiting the emotions of society they may sell more newspapers magazines, increase T.V. ratings or change public opinion in an election period to increase votes. The simple world, in which our grand parents lived in, has now become a dangerous and complex one. The world has changed, and at the present point in time, is more chaotic then ever, which is making society extremely uneasy, and images such as those regarding the abuse of Iraqi prisoners, is in no way helping to ease the danger, which pleads the question what are image makers doing?, and why?. Because such images have such strong presence in the minds and hearts of society, its come as no surprise that some people want a limit placed upon the release of such images by the media. It is very simple for society to be manipulated by the media, because the media feeds on our weaknesses in order to get us to think a certain way. It is important that society recognises that our media has many flaws. The press that is feeding us updates on the war in Iraq is the same media thats covering the next election. It is of great importance to recognise, that the media lies, deceives and fluctuates more then the stock market. Therefore its societys job to be critical of the media and the information it transmits onto us. War, not matter how great or small is a horrible and traumatic experience. The so called war on terror, has made America civilians and those of its allies, [Australia, Britain etc] very vulnerable. Everything we treasure can and is being manipulated from our views about Islam and Muslims to our right to free speech and freedom. As citizens and consumers of information, it is our duty to properly analyse, evaluate and criticise those whom attempt to manipulate and deceive us. Indeed if the publication of such images is, in our opinion immoral, then it is our responsibility to ensure that our concerns are attended to. This debate about the images that the media transmits to us, is not doubt going to be around for many years even after the war in Iraq is over. But was it wrong to show these images you may ask. The answer?, is impossible to tell, because public opinion is divided about what the consequences of publishing such photos are going to be, we can only make assumptions, such as if America were to leave Iraq and Iraq were to devolve into anarchy and autocracy worse than the days of Saddam, then that would be sufficient grounds to state that YES, it was wrong to show these images. Also another assumption is that for some [Muslims] the pictures depicting acts of violence will strengthen their resolve and loyalty to Al Qaeda. Others believe that America should not have gone to Iraq and now must stay to prevent the country falling into anarchic state. Our decisions and views are complex issues that are being manipulated by the release of these images. The media is now force feeding us information on a daily basis, and slowly clouding our judgement, forcing us to think in ways, in which we would not normally consider. The public knows that we are at war, with Iraq but media fails to informs us of the real reason why, and fails to provide us with the total casualties suffered by American troops, but litters our minds with the scores of Iraqis that are being killed unnecessarily. These are the costs of war. Without information, we cannot know these costs, nor the justification for the war. Words are not enough to convey this information. Images such as these portray the true costs of war, but to what extent can we deem such ghastly images as acceptable. In any war, there will be casualties people hurt, killed or taken prisoner. In the current war in Iraq, numerous troops from both the allied coalition and the Iraqi military have been taken captive. When some American prisoners of war were shown on Iraqi television, U.S. officials accused Iraq of breaking the rules. Iraqis have accused Americans of targeting civilians, homes and hospitals. Each side accuses the other of war crimes. But in a conflict where one force is bigger, stronger, and more technologically advanced, some say the old rules dont apply.